#chage -d 0 username
Look for the line or just append the following line in the file.
Expire=0
#!/bin/bashMore details can be found here
user=1
echo ${!user}
Normally we will set the hostname of a system during the installation process. Many peoples don’t care about this, and don’t change the hostname.
On any Linux system you can change its hostname with the command 'hostname'
Here are some quick usages of the command line hostname:
hostnamewithout any parameter it will output the current hostname of the system.
hostname --fqdit will output the fully qualified domain name (or FQDN) of the system.
hostname NEW_NAMEwill set the hostname of the system to NEW_NAME. This is active right away and will remain like that until the system will be rebooted (because at system boot it will set this from some particular file configurations – see bellow how to set this permanently). You will most probably need to exit the current shell in order to see the change in your shell prompt.
Debian based systems use the file /etc/hostname to read the hostname of the system at boot time and set it up using the init script /etc/init.d/hostname.sh
/etc/hostname
serverSo on a Debian based system we can edit the file /etc/hostname and change the name of the system and then run:
/etc/init.d/hostname.sh startto make the change active. The hostname saved in this file (/etc/hostname) will be preserved on system reboot (and will be set using the same script we used hostname.sh).
RedHat based system use the file /etc/sysconfig/network to read the saved hostname at system boot. This is set using the init script /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
/etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME="plain.domainname.com"
GATEWAY="192.168.0.1"
GATEWAYDEV="eth0"
FORWARD_IPV4="yes"So in order to preserve your change on system reboot edit this file and enter the appropriate name using the HOSTNAME variable.
Also replace the old hostname on the file /etc/hosts
Why would someone need a different method of doing the same thing as above? No idea, but here is anyway: use sysctl to change the variable kernel.hostname:
Use:
sysctl kernel.hostnameto read the current hostname, and
sysctl kernel.hostname=NEW_HOSTNAMEto change it.
If you are using sendmail edit /etc/mail/local-host-names file to include the new host-name. This will prevent sendmail from hanging up when the system is restarted.
su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** Encrypted: $1$jxcdN0$haseNMq1aiPf8FziuGJGZp0
grub> quit
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz password --md5$1$jxcdN0$haseNMq1aiPf8FziuGJGZp0 title Fedora Core 6
The services required to enable NFS folder sharing are not installed by default on Ubuntu. They can easily be installed, however, by opening a terminal window and entering the following command:
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
The installation process should automatically start the NFS service. To verify that the service is indeed running, execute the following command:
sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status
If the output from the above command indicates that the service is not running, it may started as follows:
sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start
Once the NFS service is installed and running, the next step is to configure any folders that are to be shared with remote systems. Any folders which are to be shared are listed in the /etc/exports file which may be edited from a terminal window as follows:
sudo gedit /etc/exports
Each folder that is to be shared via NFS must have an entry in this file. The basic syntax is as follows:
For example, to allow a system with the IP address of 192.168.2.24 to access /tmp with read-only access, the following entry would be added to the /etc/exports file:
/tmp 192.168.2.24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check)
Similarly, to also make the folder accessible to a system with the hostname ubuntu2 with read/write permission, the line would read as follows:
/tmp 192.168.2.24(ro,sync,no_subtree_check) ubuntu2(rw,sync,no_sub_tree_check)
Alternatively, to provided read/write access to all hosts, simply use the wildcard character (*):
/tmp *((rw,sync,no_sub_tree_check)
Once the folder entries have been made in the /etc/exports file, the current settings may be checked at any time by running the exportfs command:
sudo exportfs
/tmp 192.168.2.24
Once a folder has been exported it may then be mounted on a client system using the mount command. To mount a remote folder from the command line, open a terminal window and create folder where you would like the remote folder to be mounted:
mkdir /tmp/mnt
Next enter the command to mount to the remote folder (in this example we use ubuntu as the remote hostname):
sudo mount ubuntu:/tmp /tmp/mnt
The remote folder will then be mounted on the local system. Once mounted, the /tmp/mnt folder will contain the remote folder and all its contents.
It is possible to configure an Ubuntu Linux system to automatically mount a remote file system each time the system starts up. This is achieved by editing the /etc/fstab file. To do this use sudo to load the /etc/fstab file into your favorite editor. It will likely look something like the following:
># /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
#
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# /dev/sda1
UUID=bcde7125-d38d-4362-bcd8-c64f2b512760 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /dev/sda5
UUID=b4ff42fa-7c9a-4c26-a640-b0af94f14820 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0
/dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0
To mount, for example, a folder with the path /home/demo which resides on a system called ubuntu in the local folder with the path /nfsmount add the following line to the /etc/fstab file:
ubuntu:/home/demo /nfsmount nfs
Next time the system reboots the /home/demo folder on the remote ubuntu system will be mounted on the local /nfsmount mount point. All the files in the remote folder can then be accessed as if they resided on the local hard disk drive.
Once a remote file system is mounted using NFS it can be unmounted using the unmount command with the local mount point as the command-line argument. For example, to unmount our example filesystem mount point requires the use of the following command:
sudo umount /nfsmount
$sudo aptitude install x-window-system-core gnome-core
$aptitude install xubuntu-desktop
$apt-get install gdm
$/etc/init.d/gdm start
$rdesktop 143.210.123.456
$rdesktop -u john 143.210.123.456
$rdesktop -u john -fP 143.210.123.456
$rdesktop -u john -g 100% -PKD 143.210.123.456
-r disk:doc=/home/john/Documents,pic=/home/john/Pictures
-r sound:local
-k ko